Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, writing in the early 2nd century AD; his five-volume Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord is lost, and these fragments survive only as quotations in Irenaeus, Eusebius, and later writers (the square-bracketed words are the ANF editors' connecting text identifying the quoting author). Among the earliest testimony to how the Gospels of Mark and Matthew arose, to the traditions of the elders who knew the apostles, and to early millennial expectation.